Keywords: life-cycle analysis, process technologies, material substitution, waste minimization, industrial ecology, emissions
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Session: Life-Cycle Approaches to Sustainability and Energy Efficiency Wednesday, July 30 — 8:30 - 10:00 A Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) for Setting Energy-Efficiency Standards in Brazil: The Case of Residential Refrigerators (98) Guilherme de C. Queiroz, International Energy Initiative Gilberto De M. Jannuzzi, Department of Energy/Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) and International Energy Initiative Edson A. Vendrusculo, International Energy Initiative and Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e Computação (UNICAMP) Thomaz Borges, International Energy Initiative José A. Pomílio, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e Computação (UNICAMP) U.S. Aluminum Production Energy Requirements: Historical Perspective, Theoretical Limits, and New Opportunities (108) William Choate, BCS, Inc. John Green, Consultant ULSAB-AVC (Advanced Vehicle Concepts): A Solution for Today (Engineering, Life Cycle Inventory, and Cost Analyses) (35) Jody Shaw, United States Steel Corporation William Heenan, The Steel Alliance Vanessa Smith, University of Michigan

Session: Assessment and Modeling Methods Wednesday, July 30 — 10:30 - 12:00 Programs for Integrated Industrial Audits: The Audit Process and Case Studies for the NSTAR Eco-Efficiency Program and the NGRID ISOS Program (155) Gary Epstein, Mark D'Antonio, Satyen Moray, and Yogesh Patil, Energy & Resource Solutions, Inc. Ed McGlynn, Nstar Electric Tom Coughlin, National Grid USA Modeling Industrial Behavior and Feedback Between Energy and Material Flows and Capital Vintage: Implications for Material, Energy and Climate Change Policy Design (132) Brynhildur Davidsdottir, Boston University Fiber Recovery from Waste Paper: A Breakthrough in Re-Pulping Technology (51) Jerry Aue, Energy Center of Wisconsin Keith Picard, Fiber Recycling Technologies Kevin Grabner, Energy Center of Wisconsin Alan Button, Buttonwood Consulting, LLC

Session: Energy and Sustainability at the State and National Level Thursday, July 31 — 8:30 - 10:00 State of California Economic Analysis of Sustainable Building: Phase I (28) Greg Kats, Capital E Amanda Eichel and Arnold Sowell, State and Consumer Services Agency Energy Intensity Indicators for Non-Energy Intensive Industries: An Analysis for Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom (69) C.A. Ramirez, M.K. Patel, and K. Blok, Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute Accelerating Innovation: Building on the Past to Expand Biorefining and Sustainable Manufacturing in Wisconsin (63) Preston Schutt, State of Wisconsin, Division of Energy Sean Weitner and Kevin Grabner, Energy Center of Wisconsin

Session: Economics and Policy in Energy Efficiency Thursday, July 31 — 10:30 - 12:00 Transition towards Sustainable Production: Policy Planning for a Systems Change (97) Bianca Oudshoff, Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Netherlands Frank Klinckenberg, Klinckenberg Consultants A Technical Framework for Industrial Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Developing Countries (95) Mark Howells, University of Cape Town Skip Laitner, EPA Office of Atmospheric Programs

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Panel 2: Leadership and Management Practices in Industrial Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
Panel Leaders: Steven Schultz, 3M Energy Management and Lawrence Ambs, University of Massachusetts

This panel will focus on exemplary corporate management practices and leadership in the area of industrial energy efficiency and sustainability. Papers may analyze management practices and programs of companies and organizations that result in significant industrial energy efficiency improvement or increased industrial sustainability. Management practices and programs may include corporate commitments or targets, corporate inventories, computerized energy management systems, energy management practice, outsourcing of energy management, and benchmarking.

Keywords: management practices, corporate strategies, leadership, voluntary commitments, inventories, benchmarking
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Session: Voluntary Programs Wednesday, July 30 — 8:30 - 10:00 The WWF Climate Savers Program: Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies at Work (23) Matt Banks and Rebecca Eaton, World Wildlife Fund, Climate Change Program Encouraging Development of Sustainable Energy Management Systems in the Manufacturing Sector (80) Elizabeth Dutrow and Thomas Hicks, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency A Collaborative Strategy to Strengthen the Business Case for Industrial Sector Energy Efficiency (119) Tracy Narel, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Aleisha Khan, D&R International Preston Schutt, Wisconsin Department of Administration Michael Ponder, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance

Session: Corporate Programs Wednesday, July 30 — 10:30 - 12:00 Using Six Sigma to Drive Energy Efficiency Improvements at DuPont (12) John Kane, DuPont Energy Technology Practical Next Steps when the CEO Is Finally Ready for Energy Management (118) John Nicol and Timothy Dantoin, Science Applications International Corporation

Session: Energy Management Strategies Thursday, July 31 — 8:30 - 10:00 Overcoming Barriers to Effective Energy Management in Industrial Settings (84) Michael Brown and Virginia Key, Georgia Tech Energy and Environmental Management Center You Never Know until You Try: An Independent Evaluation of the EnVINTA One-2-Five® Energy Program (68) Jane Peters, Research Into Action, Inc. Phil Degens and Jeff Harris, NW Energy Efficiency Alliance Data Centers and Energy Use - Let's Look at the Data (162) William Tschudi, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Priya Sreedharan, Rumsey Engineers Tengfeng Xu, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory David Coup, NYSERDA Paul Roggensack, California Energy Commission

Session: Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Tools Thursday, July 31 — 10:30 - 12:00 Evaluation Feedback Drives Industrial Energy Management Training Approach (79) Brenda Jessen and Kevin Grabner, Energy Center of Wisconsin

Session: Foreign Technical Programs Friday, August 1 — 8:30 - 10:00 A Strategy for Energy Efficiency Actions in the Mexican Industrial Sector: The Pemex Experience (16) O. de Buen R., D. Gutiérrez D., G. Ramos N., E. Valdivieso R., and J. González M., CONAE S. Gómez A. and C.E. Hernández, SIASPA (Pemex) Achieving Further Reductions of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in an Efficient Mexican Industry: The Case of the Cement Industry (83) L. Ozawa-Meida, N.K.Tovey, and S.P. Gerrard University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences Lifecycle Energy System Scan (LESS): More about LESS in Long Term Agreements (18) Erik ter Avest and Reinier Gerrits, Netherlands Agency for Energy and the Environment

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Panel 3: Policies and Programs to Achieve Industrial Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
Panel Leaders: Tim McIntosh, Natural Resources Canada and Suzanne Watson, Northeast Midwest Institute

This panel focuses on experiences with policies and programs in industrial energy efficiency improvement and sustainability. The panel includes a wide range of experiences from utility to local, state, and national programs. Papers may discuss design, development, experiences, and evaluation of industrial energy efficiency programs. Novel policy and program approaches are of high interest, as are international and domestic activities. Topics include experiences with multi-pollutant emissions reduction efforts, target-setting and negotiated agreements, benchmarking, emissions trading, and emissions registries.

Keywords: industrial energy policy, program design, international, national, multi-pollutant, benchmarking, emissions trading, targets, agreements
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Session: Innovative Methods for Promoting Industrial Energy Efficiency Wednesday, July 30 — 8:30 - 10:00 Combining Long Term Agreements with Emissions Trading: An Overview of the Current EU Energy Efficiency Policies for the Industrial Sector and a Proposal for a New Industrial Efficiency Policy (99) Paolo Bertoldi, European Commission Otto Starzer and Michael Sattler, The Austrian Energy Agency (EVA) Energy Efficiency in Environmental Permits in Europe (22) Marianne Lindstrom, Mikko Attila, Jaana Pennanen, and Elise Sahivirta, Finnish Environment Institute Promoting Innovative Energy Technologies through Output-Based Emission Policies (129) Susan Freedman, Northeast-Midwest Institute

Session: Issues Related to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Projects Wednesday, July 30 — 10:30 - 12:00 Transactions Costs in Efficiency and Emissions Reductions Projects in the Industrial Sector (52) Eric Smith and Skip Laitner, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Wisconsin's Approach to Quantifying Emission Reductions: Coordinating the Focus on Energy Program with the Wisconsin Voluntary Emission Reduction Registry (77) David Sumi, Jeff Erickson, and Karl Hausker, PA Consulting Group Jim Mapp, Cheryl Rezabek, and Pat Meier, Wisconsin Department of Administration Voluntary GHG Reductions: Early Experiences of Climate Leaders (115) Neil Kolwey and Michael Shepard, E Source/Platts Research and Consulting

Session: International/China Thursday, July 31 — 8:30 - 10:00 Sectoral and Geographic Analysis of the Decline in China's National Energy Consumption in the Late 1990s (14) Joanna Lewis, David Fridley, Jonathan Sinton, and Jieming Lin, Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory Voluntary Agreements for Increasing Energy Efficiency in Industry: Case Study of a Pilot Project with the Steel Industry in Shandong Province, China (2) Lynn Price, Ernst Worrell, and Jonathon Sinton, Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory Jiang Yun, China Energy Conservation Association Motor System Optimization in China: A Capacity-Building Model for Industrial Energy Efficiency (55) Aimee McKane, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Robert Williams, United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vestal Tutterow, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Steve Nadel, ACEEE Zou Guijin, China Energy Conservation Investment Corporation

Session: International Thursday, July 31 — 10:30 - 12:00 Canadian Industry Program for Energy Conservation: Improving Industrial Energy Efficiency in Canada (32) Glenda Taylor and Mallika Nanduri, Natural Resources Canada The "Efficient Compressed Air" Campaign in Germany: Market Transformation to Activate Cost Reductions and Emissions Savings (25) Peter Radgen, Fraunhofer ISI Energy Efficiency through LTAs: Broadening the Horizon in the New LTA Approach (72) Reinier Gerrits, Netherlands Agency for Energy and the Environment Bianca Oudshoff, Ministry of Economic Affairs

Session: Small to Medium Business Operations Friday, August 1 — 8:30 - 10:00 Economic Incentives and the Timing of Investments in Energy Conservation: The Case of California Agriculture (124) Ellen Burnes and Sally Hays, California State University The Mom and Pop Machine Shop - Designing Programs for Small Industrial Customers (125) Philippus Willems, Kris Bradley, and Marissa Myers, Quantum Consulting Rafael Friedmann, Pacific Gas & Electric Company Decision-Making Among Small Manufacturers and What This Means for Program Design (167) Lori Megdal, Megdal and Associates Ingo Bensch, Energy Center of Wisconsin Darren Schauff, Opinion Dynamics Corporation

Session: Audits and Benchmarking Friday, August 1 — 10:30 - 12:00 Development of Cleanroom Energy Benchmarks and Baselines for Use in Industrial New Construction Energy Efficiency Programs (89) Stephen Fok, Pacific Gas and Electric Company John Weale, Rumsey Engineers, Inc. Energy Code Applicability for Industrial Facilities (158) Natalie Hildt, Brian McCowan and Gary Epstein, Energy & Research Solutions, Inc. Career Paths of Senior Industrial Assessment Center Program Alumni (7) Bruce E. Tonn and Jean H. Peretz, University of Tennessee

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Panel 4: Industrial Energy Efficiency Measures and Technologies
Panel Leaders: Paul Scheihing, DOE OIT, and Miriam Pye, NYSERDA

In this panel, the focus is on energy efficiency measures and technologies related to industrial cross-cutting energy applications, and in-house utilities. Papers may discuss emerging technologies, technology assessments, efficient practices, maintenance and energy efficiency, and efficient systems and system optimization in motor systems, steam and hot water supply systems, and compressed air systems.

Keywords: motors, compressed air systems, case studies, technologies, efficient practice, system optimization, steam and hot water supply systems
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Session: Industrial Assessments Wednesday, July — 8:30 - 10:00 Benefits of Multi-Day Industrial Center Assessments for Large Energy-Intensive Facilities (121) Warren Heffington and James Eggebrecht, Texas A&M University Capturing Energy and Resources through Remanufacturing (150) Nabil Nasr, Newton Green II, David Fister, and Monica M. Becker, Rochester Institute of Technology ENERGY STAR® Guides for Energy Efficiency Opportunities, Featuring the Motor Vehicle Assembly Industry (8) Christina Galitsky and Ernst Worrell, Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory Kristin Zimmerman, General Motors Corporation Elizabeth Dutrow, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Session: Process Heating Wednesday, July 30 — 10:30 - 12:00 Opportunities for Energy Efficiency in Hydrocarbon Resin Manufacturing Facilities (91) Ahmad Ganji, Bryan Hackett, and Sandra Chow, BASE Energy, Inc. Robert Lonergan and John Wimer, Neville Chemical Company Forced Internal Recirculation Burners for Boilers and Process Heating (78) Richard Knight, David Cygan, and Joseph Rabovitser, Gas Technology Institute Highly Preheated Combustion Air Furnace with Oxygen Enrichment for Metal Processing to Significantly Improve Energy Efficiency and Reduce Emissions (149) Arvind Atreya and David Everest, University of Michigan

Session: Water/Wastewater Thursday, July 31 — 8:30 - 10:00 Opportunities and Barriers in Madison, Wisconsin: Understanding Process Energy Use in a Large Municipal Water Utility (50) Scott Olsen, Madison Gas and Electric Company Al Larson, Madison Water Utility Anaerobic Digestion: the New York State Experience (175) Barry Liebowitz, NYSERDA A Systems Approach to Saving Energy in Water and Wastewater Facilities (103) Jon Biemer and Todd Amundson, Bonneville Power Administration Andy Ekman, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance Martin Shain, BacGen Technologies, Inc. Lauren Miller, Quantec Consulting Todd Amundson, Bonneville Power Administration

Session: Industry Sectors Thursday, July 31 — 10:30 - 12:00 A Market Transformation Strategy for Highly Efficient Steel-Making (17) Barry Solomon, Michigan Technological University Energy Conservation Opportunities in the Pulp and Paper Industry: An Illinois Case Study (141) Michael Chimack, Christine E. Walker, and Rob Miller, Energy Resources Center Energy Efficiency Opportunities in the Glass Manufacturing Industry (157) Mark D'Antonio, Natalie Hildt, Yogesh Patil, and Satyen Moray, Energy & Resource Solutions Tom Shields, Osram Sylvania

Session: Motor Systems I Friday, August 1 — 8:30 - 10:00 EASA AEMT Study of Motor Repair Impact on Efficiency (4) Thomas Bishop, Electrical Apparatus Service Association Case Studies: Small Particulate Blower System Energy Efficiency (137) Chao Chen and Tom Hovde, Snohomish County Public Utility District John Vranizan, Carroll, Hatch & Associates, Inc. Applications of AIRMaster+ in Real Industrial Facilities (159) Satyen Moray, Mark D'Antonio, Yogesh Patil, and Alan MacDougall, Energy & Resource Solutions

Session: Motor Systems II Friday, August 1 — 10:30 - 12:00 Industrial Motor System Optimization Projects in the U.S.: An Impact Study (33) Robert Lung, Resource Dynamics Corporation Aimee McKane, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Mitchell Olszewski, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Efficient Motors: Industry Allies Business Development in Energy Efficiency Services (43) Jon Linn, NEEP Laurie Kokkinides, NYSERDA Motor Projects in the Pacific Northwest (127) Kenneth Anderson, Michael Ponder, and Andy Ekman, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance

Session: Industrial Process Systems Friday, August 1 — 10:30 - 12:00 The Development of a Next Generation Melting System for Glass Production: Opportunities and Progress (64) Elliott Levine, U.S. Department of Energy Michael Greenman, Glass Manufacturing Industry Council Keith Jamison, Energetics Energy and Waste Minimization in the Investment Casting Industry (62) Raymond Puffer, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Bruce M. Phipps, MPI, Inc. Maintenance Decisions Matter - An Alternative Approach to Stimulating Energy Saving (172) Hugh Falkner, Future Energy Solutions Vestel Tutterow, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

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Combined heat and power production and distributed power applications are important means to reduce energy use and costs. In this panel, we focus on industrial CHP applications, potentials and potential energy and environmental impact, policies, deregulation and CHP, and technology development, as well as non-traditional technologies.

Keywords: CHP, distributed generation (DG), deregulation, generation technologies, environmental impact of CHP, CHP applications, market barriers
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Session: Removing Barriers to CHP and DG Wednesday, July 30 — 8:30 - 10:00 Removing Barriers to the Development of Clean Distributed Generation and Combined Heat and Power (92) Tom Bourgeois and Anish Joshi, Pace University Energy Project Adam Hinge, Sustainable Energy Partnerships Preliminary Review of Utility Practices Toward CHP (39) Elizabeth Brown and R. Neal Elliott, ACEEE Market Experiences in Overcoming Barriers to CHP and DG in Wisconsin's Municipal and Investor-Owned Utilities, and Brownfield Redevelopments (105) Thomas Giffin, Doug Presny, and John Nicol, Science Applications International Corporation Preston Schutt, State of Wisconsin, Division of Energy

Session: CHP and DG Analysis and Data Resources Wednesday, July 30 — 10:30 - 12:00 Framework for Evaluating the Indirect Benefits of Distributed Energy (85) David Lewis, William Choate, David Bartley, and Kenneth Green, BCS, Inc. Calling out the DOGS - Results and Development of the Distributed Onsite Generation Screening (DOGS) Tool (30) Tom Rooney and Scott Albert, GDS Associates Alan Rutkowski, Alliant Energy Service Company, Inc. EIA and CHP: What Is Going On? (53) Patrick Balducci, Joseph Roop, and Richard Fowler, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Session: CHP and DG Technologies and Applications Thursday, July 31 — 8:30 - 10:00 Fuel Cells and CHP: An Industrial Market Status Report (81) Anna Monis-Shipley and R. Neal Elliott, ACEEE Assessment of Fuel Cell Applications for Critical Industrial Processes (156) Dan Birleanu, Mark D'Antonio, Gary Epstein, and Alan MacDougall, Energy & Resource Solutions Inner City Redevelopment: Brownfield Reuse and Clean On-Site Energy Generation Systems (128) Suzanne Watson, Northeast-Midwest Institute

Session: Regional CHP Applications Thursday, July 31 — 10:30 - 12:00 Co-Generation Potential in Canada (59) Cathy Strickland and John Nyboer, Canadian Industrial Energy End-Use Data and Analysis Centre Motor Systems Optimization Case Studies in the Peoples Republic of China (166) Vestal Tutterow, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Qin Hongbo, Shanghai Energy Conservation Service Center Hugh Falkner, Future Energy Solutions Ronald G. Wroblewski, Productive Energy Solutions California's Self-Generation Incentive Program: What Is the Consumer Response and Is the CAISO System Peak Load Being Impacted? (154) Patrick Lilly, Alan Fields, Brenda Gettig, and Kurt Scheuermann, Itron, Inc./RER Pierre Landry, Southern California Edison Company Industrial Focus of NYSERDA's Combined Heat and Power Program (87) Dana Levy, Nag Patibandla, Mark Torpey, Edward B. Kear, Scott Smith, and William Peters, NYSERDA

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In this panel, the focus is on all issues around analysis and modeling of industrial energy use and related atmospheric emissions. Papers may discuss issues of statistical analysis of industrial energy use trends (e.g. historical trends, decomposition analysis), modeling of industrial processes and energy use, energy efficiency potential analyses, and identification and quantification of ancillary benefits, as well as scenario analysis of future industrial energy use. Domestic and international studies are included in this panel.

Keywords: analysis, modeling, emissions, efficiency potential, non-energy benefits, projected energy savings
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Session: Modeling: Challenges and New Approaches Wednesday, July 30 — 8:30 - 10:00 Towards Increased Policy Relevance in Energy Modeling (5) Ernst Worrell, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Stephan Ramesohl, Wuppertal Institute Gale Boyd, Argonne National Laboratory Confronting the Challenge of Hybrid Modeling: Using Discrete Choice Models to Inform the Behavioural Parameters of a Hybrid Model (56) Nic Rivers, Mark Jaccard, and John Nyboer, Simon Fraser University Ken Tiedman, Habart and Associates Explorations with the LIEF 2002 Model (104) Rachel Cleetus and Stephen Bernow, Tellus Institute Neal Elliott, Anna Monis-Shipley, and Elizabeth Brown, ACEEE

Session: Multi-Agent Modeling Wednesday, July 30 — 10:30 - 12:00 Modeling Electricity Contract Choice: An Agent-Based Approach (46) Joseph Roop, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Eihab Fathelrahman, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory The Role of a Dynamic Marketplace in the Adoption of Industrial Efficiency Innovations (48) Stephen DeCanio, University of California, Santa Barbara Skip Laitner, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs Assessing the Role of Voluntary Programs in Climate Change Policy (107) Robert Lempert, RAND

Session: Indicators, Indices, and Trends Thursday, July 31 — 8:30 - 10:00 The Energy Intensity of the Dow Jones Industrial Index (74) Peggy Podolak, U.S. Department of Energy Decomposition of Manufacturing Energy Use in IEA Countries: How Do Recent Developments Compare to Historical Long-term Trends? (171) Fridtjof Unander, International Energy Agency Decomposition of Changes in Energy Use: The Comparison of Two Approaches from a Canadian Perspective (116) Jessica Palmer, Natural Resources Canada Availability and Use of Energy Data in an Environment of Industry Reclassification and Energy Market Reforms (82) Robert Adler, U.S. Energy Information Administration Stephanie Battles, U.S. Energy Information Administration

Session: Regional and Sectoral Studies Thursday, July 31 — 10:30 - 12:00 State-Level Analysis of Industrial Energy Use (37) Neal Elliott, Anna Shipley, and Elizabeth Brown, ACEEE Steven Bernow and Rachel Cleetus, Tellus Institute Electric Efficiency in California's Industrial Sector: The Potential Gap (139) Michael Rufo, Quantum Consulting, Inc. Rafael Friedmann, Pacific Gas & Electric Company Fred Coito, KEMA-XENERGY The Role of Steel in the US Economy: Decomposing the 1982-1997 Forward and Backward Linkages of the Steel Industry (44) Dave Anderson and Joseph Roop, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Session: Understanding and Representing Technology Friday, August 1 — 8:30 - 10:00 Characterizing Emerging Industrial Technologies in Energy Models (49) John A. "Skip" Laitner, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ernst Worrell and Christina Galitsky, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Donald A. Hanson, Argonne National Laboratory Machine Drive Electricity Use in the Industrial Sector (88) Brian Unruh, Energy Information Administration On Accounting for Energy Savings from Industrial Productivity Improvements (143) Kyriaki Papadaratsakis, Donald Kasten, and Michael Muller, Rutgers University

Session: Policies and Programs Friday, August 1 — 10:30 - 12:00 Estimating the Impacts of Voluntary Programs: Results from a Recent Study on the Canadian Industry Program for Energy Conservation (120) Lee Ann Westfall, Mallika Nanduri, and Glenda Taylor, Natural Resources Canada Understanding R&D Investment Trends in Energy-Intensive Industries (152) Jack Eisenhauer, Energetics, Inc. Buddy Garland, US Department of Energy Modeling Energy-Efficiency Program Effort and Administrative Expenditures (54) Donald Hanson, Argonne National Laboratory John A. "Skip" Laitner, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency John Mortensen, Consultant

Session: Understanding Differences and Drivers Friday, August 1 — 10:30 - 12:00 Electricity Use and Related CO2 Emissions for Cooker Manufacturing in Denmark, England and Sweden: A Benchmarking Study (21) E. Nord-Ågren, University of Linköping, Division of Energy Systems B. Moshfegh, University of Gävle, Division and Energy & Mechanical Engineering Two Approaches for Measuring the Efficiency Gap Between Average and Best Practice Energy Use: The LIEF Model 2.0 and the ENERGY STAR™ Performance Indicator (58) Gale Boyd, Argonne National Laboratory Modelling Economy Wide Impacts of Investments in Industrial Energy Efficiency: A South African Case Study (41) Randall Spalding-Fecher, Harald Winkler, Alastaire Dick, and Lindsey Jeftha, University of Capetown Skip Laitner, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs

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