Table of Contents

 

Chapter 1 Overview and Summary	1
Touring a Motor System	1
A Note on Lost Opportunities	6
Barriers to Drivepower Savings	6
Overcoming the Hurdles	10
Chapter 2 Motor Technologies	13
Principles of Induction Motors	14
Types of Induction Motors	19
Factors to Consider in Selecting Induction Motors	21
Other Types of Motors	32
Characteristics of Commercially Available Motors	40
Motor Failure	61
Economics of Energy-Efficient Motors	70
Field Measurements of Motor Load and Efficiency	82
Summary	84
Chapter 3 System Considerations	87
Power Supply Quality	87
Harmonics and Transients	91
System Oversizing	95
Distribution Network Losses	102
Load Management and Cycling: General Considerations	108
Transmission	112
Maintenance	120
Summary	124
Chapter 4 Motor Control Technologies	125
Introduction	125
Speed-Control Technologies Other than Electronic ASDs	128
Characteristics of Electronic Adjustable-Speed Drives	136
Applications of ASDs	140
Trends and Developments in ASD Technology	146
Economics of Speed Controls	147
ASD Case Studies	149
Other Controls	153
Summary	156
Chapter 5 Motor Applications	159
Fans and Pumps	159
Compressed Air Systems	176
Other Motor Applications	188
Summary	191
Chapter 6 A Profile of the Motor Population and its Use	193
Data Sources and Limitations	193
Motor Sales, Population, Distribution, and Use by Size and Type	194
Distribution by Design, Speed Frame, and Enclosure	198
Duty Factor	202
Load Factor and Motor Sizing	204
Motor Life	206
Saturation of High-Efficiency Motors	206
Use of Adjustable Speed Drives	209
Motor Energy Input by Sector, Industry, and End-Use	211
Additional Data on Small Motors	220
Chapter 7 Estimating the National Savings Potential in Motor Systems
Induction-Motor Improvements
Improvements to Synchronous and DC Motor Systems
Electrical Tune-ups
Better Mechanical Drivetrain Equipment and Lubrication
Indirect Savings
Chapter 8 The Motor Market	239
End-Users and Customers	240
Motor Manufacturers	251
Motor Distributors and Repair-Rewind Shops	254
Original Equipment Manufacturers	256
Fans, Pumps, and Compressors	260
Consulting Engineers and Design-Build Contractors	262
Control Equipment Manufacturers, Distributors, and Representatives	263
Mechanical Equipment Representatives and Distributors	266
Electric Utilities, Universities, Government Agencies, and Trade and Professional Associations	266
Summary	267
Chapter 9 Programs to Promote Motor System Efficiency Improvements
Program Paradigms
Market Segments and Market Events
Program Approaches for Specific Events
Cross-Cutting Approaches
Summary
Chapter 10 Recommendations	331
Programs and Policies	331
Education	340
Research, Development, and Demonstration	341
Conclusions	344
References
About the Authors
List of Abbreviations
Appendix A Economics
Economic Concepts
Electric Supply System Perspective
Estimating Costs and Benefits
Adjustable-Speed Drives
Oversized Wiring as a Conservation Measure
Drive Trains
Appendix B Motor Provisions in the Energy Policy Act of 1992
Covered Equipment
Determination of Efficiency
Certification of Compliance
Labeling
Imported Motors
Enforcement
Appendix C Glossary
Appendix D Equipment Manufacturers and Associations
Annotated Bibliography
Index